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Hitler, the Demise of a Demigod

Hitler, the Demise of a Demigod The desire of a solitary man was ground-breaking enough to adjust the course of the world; that Is the narrative of Doll Hitler. Hitler enlivened his kin to seek after the advancement yet he himself fell into increasingly more despondency the progression of time. As the First World War left Germany crushed as well as embarrassed, a disappointment of a painter who additionally happened to battle in the bleeding edges, felt chafed and deceived by the acquiescence, volunteered to fix things. He demonstrated himself to be a serious craftsman, might be less on the canvas but rather more with words.Eloquence being his strong point, he moved up the social stepping stool rather rapidly amidst every one of his battles. With Doll Hitler turning out to be increasingly more equivalent to the Nazi Germany, he drove his kin to a phenomenal period of success however that included some significant downfalls, by stressing a specific segment of the populace, the Jews. I n 1938 Hitler added Austria into Germany without shooting a solitary shot; he was the man of the year not in vain. It Is an Irony how Nazism or National Socialism perceived both private enterprise and socialism as abhorrent however wound up Itself tumbling from grace.Along with patriotism and racialism, thoughts, for example, irredentism and expansionism overwhelmed the Nazi philosophy. Hitler comprehended the significance of abuse imperialism. Subsequently for Germany he needed Russia to be what provincial India was to the British Empire. His past triumphs against the partners inebriated his brain, dulled his thinking. He was gradually putting some distance between the real world. His choices were upping the ante increasingly elevated. It is to be noticed that he didn't simply put stock in racial prevalence, he planned to demonstrate it as he attempted to do as such In the 1936 summer Olympics. Nan Germany's' Justifying of socialDarwinism, natural selection in all life that is batt le made certain groups to go careful about their pioneer. One thing prompted another and there were even endeavors of death. It was not Just a war between the partners and the hub; it was a war between the Ideology of a solitary man and rest of the world. Pride Goethe before a fall. In any case, even so 50 million to more than 75 million fatalities has given us what man is prepared to do. All things considered, God created man In his own Image. Instead of being negative, It shows capacity of both extraordinary great just as malevolent. Humankind can even now be spared, all expectation Is yet not lost.

Topic Nationalism Without A State Palestinian Nationalism Essay

Case Study/Topic Nationalism Without A State Palestinian Nationalism Essay Case Study/Topic: Nationalism Without A State: Palestinian Nationalism â€" Essay Example > This is the period recorded in history as the beginning of the nationalism struggle. This is the period where the Palestine resistance began and it was in constant war with the Jews. This period is also claimed to the huge stride taken by Palestine towards Nationalism. The first phase of the Palestinian nationalism is the Mandate period this was between 1918 when the Palestinian Arab national movements were beginning to gain strength and command over Jerusalem. During this period, the Arab club was formed by; Jaffa, Acre, Nablus, and Haifa. They were later joined by, Aref al-Aref and his brother Hajj Amin. It is at this period that the British Started arriving in this region Muslim and Christian association groups. These associations were formed in the major town, and the Palestine Arab Congress also put up their association in these towns. At this period, the Syrian-Arab-Nationalist movement was interested in Palestine taking up their nationalism however through the Faisal-Weizma nn Agreement this proposal was rejected. In the year 1919, the secret society Al-Kaff al-Sawada’ was founded however it later changed to al-Fida’iyya also known as the Self-Sacrifices. This group played a significant role in the discrete anti-Zionist and anti- British activities. The group was run by the al-Shanti and Al-Dajani while Ibrahim Hamman was the man in charge of ‘Isa al-Sifri training and development of the group’s secret code (The Palestinian national movement: politics of contention, 1967-2005 2006). The group was mainly based in Jaffa; however, it later shifted its headquarters to Nablus with Mahmud Aziz al-Khalidi managing its branch in Jerusalem. In April the same year, there were riots which bore rivalry between the Nashashibi and Husayn. This rivalry causes some long-term consequences to the Palestine nationalism. There was even greater pressure to the military administrator at that time from the Zionist leaders with calls for the then Jerusalem Mayor, Mo ussaKaiZZm to be dismissed. Due to the extent of the pressure, the Colonel stores demoted MoussaKaissm from his position and replaced him with Raghib. This move has a minimal impact on the co-religionist with civil administration remaining the puppet for the Zionist Organization (Zomlot, H. 2010). In the year 1921 The High Herbert Samuel the Commissioner of Palestine established a Supreme Muslim Sharia Council and pardoned Aref al-Aref and Hajj Amin. The SMC, therefore, had authority over all the Muslims sharia court and Waqfs. An electoral college was given the mandate to elect the Council members with Hajj Amin Councils president. Due to its powers, the Council was termed as a powerful political machine. Hajj Amin solely carried out most of the executive council duties and rarely delegated work to his juniors. However, nepotism and favoritism were evident on the council during Hajj Amin tenure. The politicization of the Wailing Wall took place during the British Mandate period. During these riots 133 Jews, 116 Palestinian Arabs, dead while another 339 were wounded. This led to the immerging of the Black Hand gang which was formed by Iz ad-Din al-Qassam he, however, died in a shootout. Later on, during this period, the Arab High Committee and the Nashashibis broke up. This led to the emergence of the Great Revolt which took place between the year 1936 to the year 1939 with the Palestine Arabs protesting against mass immigration of the Jews. The Palestine Arab part was also active I this revolt with its paper Al-Liwa’ edited by Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni. He was later forced to go to exile in Iraq where he participated in the Rashid Ali a-Galvan coup. In this period in the year 1940 al-Hawari a devoted follower of Hajj Amin broke ties with the Husayni family which was quite influential at that time. Al-Najjada Paramilitary scout movement then led a revolt with Muhammad Nimr al-Hawaii being the chief organizer. This revolt led to the great surge in the power sharing between the Palestine community and the Jews with the Palestine’s gaining more power and command over the Jews. Al-Qadir returned to Palestine in the year 1946 and led them to Army of Holy War moved to (AHW) in 1948. However, he was later killed in the war in a hand-to-hand fighting against Hagganah. This greatly dented his forces morale with Ghuri being appointed as the commander despite his lack of experience.

Time Management Action Plan - 2364 Words

For me it seems like there is too many tasks to complete and seldom enough time. Effective and efficient time management is something that I have room for improvement on and have great use of. I started by taking a time management survey. #1 Accept Problem My results from this diagnostic survey on time management assured me that my time management skills are low. The survey revealed that I am on the bottom of the scale of time management. There were two sections of the survey. One section measured your time management skills in an office setting and the other section measured your time management skill in your personal life. By having two sections you can compare your time management skills for the two different settings. The total†¦show more content†¦Basically this involves using an hour-by-hour weekly calendar. I decided to go with the more flexible schedule because I think it is hard to estimate how long time some tasks will take. I often find that things come up at the last minute; with this schedule I know my priorities and can then skip something that is less important. The key of course, is keeping to the schedule. I need to be realistic. It is important to allow plenty of free time. It is vital to keep the goals in mind to be able to find motivation to follow schedule. #4, Balance Everyone needs a balanced lifestyle. A common time management mistake that people make is not allowing for a balanced life-style. Ones overall health and wellness require attention to seven important life areas. • Physical (exercise, nutrition, sleep) • Intellectual (cultural, aesthetic) • Social (social relationships) • Career (school and career goal directed work) • Emotional (expression of feelings, desires) • Spiritual (quest for meaning) • Family (spend time with family) Ultimately time spent should be divided equally between the seven different categories. This only happens in a perfect world, but the more balance the better. With proper life balance it is easier to cope with stress that cannot be eliminated. If time is spent in only a few categories stress might occur. #5, Take Use of Technology Technology can help me be better at timeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Time Management Action Plan2317 Words   |  10 Pagescomplete and seldom enough time. Effective and efficient time management is something that I have room for improvement on and have great use of. I started by taking a time management survey. #1 Accept Problem My results from this diagnostic survey on time management assured me that my time management skills are low. The survey revealed that I am on the bottom of the scale of time management. There were two sections of the survey. One section measured your time management skills in an office settingRead MoreBudgeting Is A Quantitative Expression Of A Proposed Plan Of Action By Management For A Future Time Period1885 Words   |  8 Pages Budgeting is a quantitative expression of a proposed plan of action by management for a future time period and it’s an aid to the coordination and implementation of the plan. It can be both financial and non-financial aspect of these plans and act as a blue-print for the company to follow in a forthcoming period. (BHIMANI, 2008). While budgeting process has to do with setting goals and objective and developing for revenue, cost, production cash flows and other factors by gathering financialRead MoreAction plans1415 Words   |  6 PagesActio n Plans: Enhancing Training Development for Employees Abstract This research paper analyzes and summarizes three published articles and a textbook that provides information on the results from a previous research conducted. The previous conducted research analyzed and summarized the use of action plans that employers and employee structure to develop and enhance training methods to improve job performances. The three articles vary in the definitions of an action plan, theRead MoreA Comprehensive Risk Management Strategy1541 Words   |  7 PagesA comprehensive risk management strategy addresses items such as: (1) The scope of the risk management effort, (2) Methods and tools to be used for risk identification, risk analysis, risk mitigation, risk monitoring, and communication, (3) Project-specific sources of risks, (4) How these risks are to be organized, categorized, compared, and consolidated, (5) Parameters, including likelihood, consequence, and thresholds, for taking action on identified risks, (6) Risk mitigation techniques to beRead More Outline Of The Sustainability Planning Process822 Words   |  4 Pages Acton Plans Action Plan #1: [Immediate] A. Rationale B. Action Steps Action Steps (How will you get to where you want to be?) Responsibility (Who will make it happen?) Timeframe (When will it happen?) Green sustainability training Organization wide Within 90 days Energy efficient technologies IT department Within 90 days Document management program Organization wide Immediate Recycling program Organization wide Immediate C. Resources D. Progress Monitoring Action Steps AccomplishedRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthe project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assigned in the project management plan we involve integrating the various plans and activitiesRead MoreProject Risk And Risk Management1412 Words   |  6 Pagesproject risk management includes six process: 1- Risk Management Planning: Deciding how to plan and execute the activities. 2- Risk Identification: Determining which risks can be affect the project. 3- Qualitative Risk Analyses: Priorization risks for consequent further analyzes by assessing and combining their probability of occurrence and impact. 4- Quantitative Risk Analyses: Analyzing probabilistically the effect of risks on the project objectives. 5- Risk Response: Developing actions to enhanceRead MoreEmergency Management And Disaster Response971 Words   |  4 Pagesgiving me a better understanding of emergency management. I never thought that I would embrace this career field, but since my first class I have been intrigued to learn more. This course gave me a better understanding of the role of crisis action planning in emergency management and disaster response including crisis leadership, management theories and methodologies to use. After reading over the syllabus I was very nervous in drafting a crisis action plan, but our forum posts, your guidance, andRead MoreRisk Management Requires Thorough Analysis Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Management Successful risk management requires thorough analysis, rating, ranking, and mitigation documentation. To do proper risk rating and ranking, a rating matrix needs to be defined. The rating matrix used by Project Pluto is included below. Risk Determination Documented risks are rated by likelihood of occurrence and impact to the project. The factors below define the overall risk ranking. Table A documents the criteria used in determining overall risk ratings. Table A: Risk Rating MatrixRead MoreBnad 302 Study Guide Ch51564 Words   |  7 Pagessteps in planning and strategic management? * Monitoring efficiency 2. The vision statement answers the question, â€Å"What do we want to become? â€Å" It provides a clear sense of the future and the actions needed to get there. 3. Which of the following are 4 benefits of planning? * Planning helps you coordinate activities * Planning helps you cope with uncertainty * Planning helps you check on your progress * Planning helps you think ahead 4. Management by objective (MBO) is a process

Ways to Make Friends and Timelengths to Consider Someone a...

Friends come in all types of personalities, some of which to be aware. There are shy friends, rude friends, giving friends, taking friends, busy friends, always free friends, best friends, and of course frenemies. Not all may appeal to everyone but everyone plays a role as some type of friend. A friend could not only be a person, but a pet. In some cases a person’s only friend is an animal or pet of some kind. Belongings such as dolls or figurines can also be considered someone’s friend. Friends come in all different forms. For most a friend is considered an acquaintance of some sort. There are different ways of meeting them and different time lengths of when they become considered friends. Usually a best friend or frenemy is someone†¦show more content†¦For others is could simply mean they are socially awkward and just don’t communicate well. The opposite of shy would be loud and rude. These friends fall into a few different categories as well. Some are more tolerable than others. For loud mouths that like to show off their talent in public could lead to embarrassment, not only for the other friends but for themselves. Usually, but not always, loud mouth are also closely associated with being rude. Being rude isn’t the best characteristic to have, but for some friends it is just a minor detail to what their friendship really has to offer. Rude friends often think they are coming off as funny and entertaining, but in reality they don’t fully know how they could be hurting the other person they are being rude to. Some rude friends could care less if they hurt others feelings at the extent to be funny and possibly gain more friends or popular ity. These types of friends are usually found in the much younger crowd, but once in a while one can slip through to adulthood. The ones that do get by usually don’t have many friends at this point because all their other friends have found respect and have grown up. These friends could have underlying issues, and most likely suffer in their professional careers, which leaves them more time to be rude. Those types of friends would fall under another category also. There are the busy friends and

Comparing Numeracy Theorists Free Essays

There are several theorists that link to mathematical development; their views are very distinct as to how mathematical understanding develops. One theorist that is linked to this development is Jean Piaget, in his research he discovered that children’s thoughts develop through taking in information. His researches also lead him to believe that children learn in stages according to an estimated age range. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Numeracy Theorists or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stages are as follows: * Sensori-Motor – age 0-2 years (using senses) Pre-Operational – age 2-7 years (using symbols and language) * Concrete Operational – age 7-12 years (logical thought) * Formal Operational – age 12+ years (abstract thought) He also devised the concept of schemas for children to develop, for example some children relate to the rotation schema where they learn by rotating things such as turning taps on and off, watching the wheels on toy cars and stirring water and other resources in a circular motion. Another example of a schema is transporting, these children will enjoy moving object around the room in different ways for example moving blocks from one side of the room to the other in a bag. Another theorist linking to mathematical development is Jerome Bruner, he believed that children learned by doing and then reimagining what they have done by drawing, writing and copying symbols such as numbers. Bruner believed that children in stages, these stages are as follows: * Enactive – age 0-1 – learning through doing physical movements * Iconic – age 1-7 – developing mental images * Symbolic age 7+ using symbols such as language to transfer thoughts He believed that a child is prone to learning and there are certain procedures for the child to follow for cognitive process. How to cite Comparing Numeracy Theorists, Essay examples

South African non

Introduction The impact of peaceful demonstrations against repressive authorities has proved that the democratic tool is significant tool that can be used to change the society in favor of majority rule. The mainstream South Africans employed this tool after being forced to bear the brunt of four-decade repression under the apartheid government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on South African non-violent protests against Apartheid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategic acts of peaceful civil disobedience saved several lives in mid 1980s, but drove home the message of popular disapproval of the political establishment. Peaceful strikes such as refusal to purchase goods from white men shops; failure to remit monthly rental fee, and job boycotts forced the repressive regime into submission, after its revenue dwindled. The paper explores various peaceful activities that forced the white ruling elite of South Africa to embrace negotiations that would open more room for African-led democracy. Additionally, Thoreau argument that democracy is not analogous to justice is also analyzed in regard to the fight against Apartheid in South Africa. South Africa Overview Painter and Blanche (521-525) indicate that widespread unrest rocked major South African towns in 1980s, protests which the locals churned against the colonialists. In spite of the largely peaceful demonstrations, which the locals believed would limit casualties and bring the change they yearned for; security forces were deployed by the government to contain the protests. The government applied a confrontational containment strategy that led to altercations between the law enforcers and the protesters. Isolated cases of violence were reported as youths and the police came face to face during protest and containment of the situation. Hapless activists of African descent were routinely manhandled and incarcerated by the government agents. P rotesters, who were aware of the ruthless government machinery against them, began to convince the ordinary man to refrain from violent confrontations with security forces and adopt peaceful modes of expressing their dissatisfaction with the political elite. According to Davis (369-372), the protesters learnt of the insignificance of their disparate actions and thought of adopting a united front that would coordinate their efforts to ease their cause.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People’s committees were established at the grassroots level. New leaders also were enlisted from the neighborhoods to help champion the freedom agenda at their localities, which involved taking care of the interests of the people and promotion of peace in the society. On the national arena, the United Democratic Front (UDF) was gaining popularity. Painter and Blanche (520-539) believed the outfit promoted a string of benign boycotts, such as refusals to pay rent, failure to report on duty, learning centers. These efforts were intended to force the minority government into submission, which was in line with Thoreau’s argument. Thoreau Argument as applied in South Africa case Thoreau (6-11), suggests that because any polity typically harbors more harm than good, actions of such organizations is generally acceptable by the society. Thoreau (6-7) suggests that this is what led the mainstream South Africans to rise against the minority government during apartheid rule in the country. The philosopher, however, refuses democratic leadership, arguing that the system is not sober enough to guarantee the whole society fairness and wise judgment. Further, he indicates that an individual’s opinion based on his or her conscience may be superior to the general resolutions reached by a political organization in form of policies or the general mass in the streets. In view of t his, Thoreau (8-9) indicates that a culture of total respect for the rule of law is undesirable. According to the philosopher, the suitable thing that an individual should engage in is to act decisively at the right time: that total respect for the rule of law, in one way or another may turn the true advocates of law into victims of the same law. For instance, by â€Å"Placing the sabotage campaign in historical context †¦ it resembled ‘the earlier tradition of armed resistance to the entrenchment of the foreigner,† (Davis 359), he implies that black agents of justice in South Africa such as Nelson Mandela, clamored for fair application of the law by the government. However, such activism led them into snares, resulting to their apprehending during mass protests. Eventually, they were charged under the same law they were pushing its implementation. This turn of events, according to Thoreau (7-8), is akin to deep corruption, which he suggests exists in any governmen t. Thoreau indicates that the high level of dishonesty in government circles hampers wisdom and rational argument of cases that involve the governed. Due to this insensitivity of the ruling class, disenfranchised persons tend to rebel and forcibly attempt to change the administration. Revolutions are however, undesirable, according to him, because they are linked to profound damages and suffering of the people (Lusted 40).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on South African non-violent protests against Apartheid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By suggesting that â€Å"We have to agree on a certain set of rules, called etiquette and politeness, to make this frequent meeting tolerable, and that we need not come to open war,† (Thoreau (10), he implies that South Lusted (41) believes that Africans might have weighed the damages that may have impacted from revolutionary actions, against the gains of the same. Event ually, they shunned revolution because the suffering would be unbearable. Thoreau indicates that revolution should not be contemplated when the ruling elite and its agents are actively hell bent on implementing injustices such as brute force against unarmed protesters. Such public ‘immorality’ calls for the implementation of any necessary means by the government, to quell the unrest, the repercussions on the common man notwithstanding. Significance of peaceful protests in South Africa According to Sweet (404) suggest that â€Å"Thoreau thus functions as a marker both for key episodes in environmental history,† which implies that nonviolent mode of expression was better, as it reduced government brutality and damage to economic and social infrastructure. Economic strikes against the apartheid government forced the whites to incur losses on their goods. Beneath their clamor for conscience, the aboriginals’ underlying point was that the corporate world is dir ectly connected to social stability; hence could not function against a background of social instability and injustice. Though, excessive use of force was used by the government, the country went beyond the control of the apartheid government, eventually earning blacks their freedom. Conclusion Generally, peaceful protests led to the defeat of the apartheid government of South Africa. Although, the people were frightened by brute force, which was the government’s response to the situation, boycotts minimized casualties and sent a clear message of the urgent need for independence of the blacks. White business owners, who were feeling the pinch of economic boycotts, demanded the termination of the impasse. In 1989, peaceful mass protests and strong advocacy groups negotiated the release of Nelson Mandela. Political outfits in the country were also declared legitimate. In 1994, South Africa popularly elected her first black president, Nelson Mandela, even though Thoreau argued t hat democracy is not justice for the minority. Works Cited Davis, R. Stephen. The African National Congress, its Radio, its Allies and Exile. Journal of Southern African Studies, 35.2 (2009): 349-373.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lusted, Marcia Amidon. Peaceful Protest. Cobblestone, 29.4 (2008): 40-41. Painter, Desmond, and Blanche, Martin Terre. Critical psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking ahead. South African Journal of Psychology, 34.4 (2004): 520-543. Sweet, Timothy. Projecting Early American Environmental Writing. Early American Literature, 45.2 (2010): 403-416. Thoreau, Henry David. Henry David Thoreau’s Walden Life in the Woods. Read, 54.16 (2005): 6-11. This essay on South African non-violent protests against Apartheid was written and submitted by user Nehemiah O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Physical Examination Health Assessment in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient The WritePass Journal

Physical Examination Health Assessment in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Introduction Physical Examination Health Assessment in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient IntroductionA. BackgroundB. HistoryB1. Biographical DataB2. Reason for Seeking CareB3. Health HistoryB4. Family HistoryB5. Physical ExaminationB6. InterviewC. Health Assessment and ResultC1. InspectionC2. PalpationC3. Range of MotionC4. Pain AssessmentConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction Physical examination and health assessment are major components when you first meet your patient every time he or she admitted.   They are important in the aid of collecting patient’s data, designing care plans, giving treatments, and evaluating the outcomes. Physical examination is a process during which you use your senses to collect objective data. Know normal findings before you begin to distinguish the abnormal ones.   Effective communication skills are essential in establishing the trust needed to proceed with the examination.   Physical examination provides another perspective; whereas the health history allows you to see your patient subjectively through eyes, the physical examination now allows you to see your patient objectively through senses.   The objective data complete the patient’s health picture. Health assessment is an important component in clinical settings.   Health assessment is to collect data relevant to the patient’s health status, to identify deviations from normal, to discover the patient’s strengths and coping resources, to pinpoint actual problems, and to spot factors that place the patient at risk for health problems. Following is a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, who was admitted because of swelling and burning pain.   We will look into how health assessment is important to her and what is the difference in the outcome of care to the patient. A. Background Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the bodys immune system attacks normal joint tissues, causing inflammation of the joint lining.   This inflammation of the joint lining, synovium causes pain, stiffness, swelling, warmth, and redness of the affected area.   The affected joint may also lose its shape, resulting in loss of range of motion.   Rheumatoid arthritis is an ongoing disease, with active periods of pain and inflammation, which is called flares or flare-ups, alternating with periods of remission, when pain and inflammation disappear.   Rheumatoid arthritis can affect many different joints.   It can even affect parts of the body other than the joints, including the eyes, blood, the lungs, and the heart in some people (Pfizer, 2010). B. History B1. Biographical Data Ms. Li Ho Lam was born in 3rd December 1959; she is now 52 years old.   Ms. Li’s education level is up to Form three in secondary school.   She quitted her job as a salesperson 5 years ago, and she is now a housewife.   Ms. Li is married and has two daughters which are 20 and 17 years old.   The four of them live together in an apartment in Shek Kip Mei.   Her cell phone number is 99871256 and her husband’s cell number is 91235520. B2. Reason for Seeking Care Ms. Li complained that both of her hands are swelling and have burning pain for one day.   Her pain scale is 8, and she did not take any medication. B3. Health History For health history, Ms. Li is allergic to seafood.   After taking any kinds of seafood, rashes will appear on Ms. Li’s body and they will be itchy.   Ms. Li was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis in year 2010.   She is taking aspirin to relief her flare-ups, but she has stopped for a few days.   She does not have any other health problems besides this. Ms. Li had chicken pox in year 1965, and had recovered in two weeks.   For hospitalization and operation, Ms. Li has had two times of caesarean section with general anaesthesia done in QueenElizabethHospital in year 1991 and 1994. B4. Family History Ms. Li’s mother had a history of rheumatoid arthritis; and her father had a history of hypertension and high cholesterol. B5. Physical Examination Ms. Li is 155 cm tall and weighs 59 kg.   Ms. Li’s vital signs are taken.   Her blood pressure is 140/86 mmHg; pulse rate is 66/min; respiration rate is 16/min; and temperature is 37.2â„Æ' B6. Interview Since Ms. Li was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, she has flare-ups every six to eight months.   Acute episodes involve hand joints are treated with aspirin which gives relief.   She experiences morning stiffness, which lasts half an hour to one hour.   Her joints feel warm, swollen and tender.   She had lost 5 kg over last three years and feels fatigued much of the time.   Ms. Li could not sleep well and did not rest more.   She was encouraged to do daily exercises, but she did not do them regularly due to her fatigue.   She took aspirin for acute flare-ups, but when she feels better in a few days, she decreased dose by herself. C. Health Assessment and Result C1. Inspection Inspection has to be done because swelling, masses, and deformity at joints greatly affect range of motion and activities of daily living. First, Jarvis (2004) stated that note the size and contour of Ms. Li’s joint.   Inspect her skin and tissues over the joints for color, swelling, and any masses or deformity.   Presence of swelling is significant and signals joint irritation. Ms. Li’s hands are swelling; it may be due to excess joint fluid, thickening of the synovial lining, inflammation of surrounding soft tissues, such as bursae and tendons, or bony enlargement.   Deformities include dislocation, subluxation, contracture, or ankylosis, but it does not present in Ms. Li’s case.   She might have to take Aspirin as prescribed to relief pain and to reduce inflammation (Poulis, Kretsi, Apostolopoulo, Zeeris Vagenas, 2003). C2. Palpation Palpation is an important examination tool as it can help to find out many abnormalities, such as fluid accumulated in joints and tenderness.   Patients might feel pain, flare-ups, and hard to move the joints. Tijhuis, Zwinderman, Hazes, Breedveld, Vlieland (2003) stated that, to start palpation, palpate each joint of Ms. Li’s hands, including its skin for temperature, its muscles, bony articulations, and area of joint capsule.   Notice any heat, tenderness, swelling, or masses on Ms. Li’s hands.   Joints normally are not tender to palpation.   If any tenderness does occur, try to localize it to specific anatomic structures, such as skin, muscles, bursae, ligaments, tendons, fat pads, or joint capsule.   The synovial membrane normally is not palpable.   When thickened, it feels â€Å"doughy† or â€Å"boggy†.   A small amount of fluid is present in the normal joint, but it is not palpable.   Palpable fluid is abnormal, as fluid is contained in an enclosed sac.   If you push on one side of the sac, the fluid will shift and cause a visible bulging on another side. Ms. Li’s hands are tender, but no masses found in her joints.   However, fluid is palpated as â€Å"boggy†.   This can also be shown by her swelling hands.   She might have to take Aspirin as prescribed to relief pain and to reduce inflammation as mentioned above (Karlsson, Berglin, Wa Jonsson, 2006). C3. Range of Motion Assessing the range of motion is important too because it extremely affects the activities of daily living when the range of motion is decreased, and limitations occur.   Patients might have to refer to physiotherapist to learn some exercises in order to improve the range of motion and back to normal again. Codd, Stapleton, Veale, FitzGerald Bresnihan (2010) stated that when assessing for the range of motion, ask Ms. Li for active range of motion while stabilizing the body area proximal to that being moved.   Familiarize with the type of each joint and its normal range of motion in order to recognize limitations.   If there is a limitation, gently attempt passive motion.   Anchor the joint with one hand while the other hand slowly moves it to its limit.   The normal ranges of active and passive motion should be the same.   If any limitation or any increase in range of motion occurs, use a goniometer to measure the angles precisely.   Joint motion normally causes no tenderness, pain or crepitation. Ms. Li’s range of motion of her wrists and fingers appear limitations, but they can be moved in passive motion slowly.   It might be affected by her swelling hands and the accumulation fluid in the joints.   She might have to consult physiotherapist for exercising since she did not exercise regularly and has a decreased in range of motion (Palmer, Gaafary Miedany, 2007). C4. Pain Assessment Patients’ self-report is considered the most accurate way to detect and measure pain. Pain can be categorized by duration, site of pain (location), cause (etiology), or qualities (severity).   Use the mnemonic COLDSPA to recall and assess the current symptoms of Ms. Li by asking the following questions: 1. Character: What does it feel like? 2. Onset: When did the pain begin? 3. Location: Where does it hurt? Can you point to where it hurts? 4. Duration: How long does it last? 5. Severity: Rate severity by using appropriate pain scale. 6. Pattern: Does anything make it better or worse? 7. Associated Factors: What other symptoms occur with it? Ms. Li answered by saying the pain on her hands feels like burning; it began yesterday when she woke up in the morning; it hurts both of her hands, especially fingers and wrists; the pain lasts forever and does not go away; pain scale is 8; resting is better, but it became worse when she moves her hands; there is no other symptoms with it. After understanding the situation of Ms. Li, medication prescribed can be given to her, such as Aspirin which can help to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Conclusion Physical examination and health assessment are very important in understanding patients’ health condition as shown in the example above.   However, it only showed a few of them, there are much more ways of physical examination and health assessment to look at. Reference Pfizer Inc. (2010). What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Retrieved March 15, 2011, from arthritis.com/rheumatoid_arthritis_symptoms.aspx Jarvis, C. (2004). Physical Examination Health Assessment (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Poulis, S., Kretsi, Z., Apostolopoulo, L., Zeeris, L., Vagenas, G. (2003). Functional and isokinetic assessment of hands with early stage of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 11, 225-230. Karlsson, B., Berglin, E., Wa, S., Jonsson, L. (2006). Life satisfaction in early rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 13, 193-199. doi:10.1080/11038120500462337 Palmer, D., Gaafary, M. E., Miedany, Y. E. (2007). Improving patient care: measurement of outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Nursing, 16(16), 1010-1015 Tijhuis, G. J., Zwinderman, A. H., Hazes, J. M.W., Breedveld, F. C., Vlieland, P. M. T. V. (2003). Two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a clinical nurse specialist intervention, inpatient, and day patient team care in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(1), 34-43. Codd, Y., Stapleton, T., Veale, D. J., FitzGerald, O., Bresnihan, B. (2010). A qualitative study of work participation in early rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 24-33.

Edgar Allan Poes Philosophy of Death

Edgar Allan Poe's Philosophy of Death Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote: Talent alone cannot make the writer. There must be a man behind the book. There was a man behind The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Black Cat, and poems like Annabel Lee and  The Raven. That man- Edgar Allan Poe- was talented, but he was also eccentric and prone to alcoholism- having experienced more than his share of tragedies. But, what stands out even more prominently than the tragedy of Edgar Allan Poes life is his philosophy of death. Early Life Orphaned at the age of two,  Edgar Allan Poe was taken in by John Allan. Although Poes foster father educated him and provided for him, Allan eventually disinherited him. Poe was left penniless, earning a meager living by writing reviews, stories, literary criticism, and poetry. All of his writing and his editorial work was not enough to bring him and his family above the level of mere subsistence, and his drinking made it difficult for him to hold a job. Inspiration for Horror Arising from such a stark background, Poe has become a classical phenomenon, known for the gothic horror  he created in The Fall of the House of Usher and other works. Who can forget The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado? Every Halloween those stories come to haunt us. On the darkest night, when we sit around the campfire and tell horrible tales, Poes stories of horror, grotesque death, and madness are told again. Why did he write about such horrible events? About the calculated and murderous entombment of Fortunato, as he writes, A succession of loud and shrill screams, bursting suddenly from the throat of the chained form, seemed to thrust me violently back. For a brief moment- I trembled. Was it disillusionment with life that drove him to these grotesque scenes? Or was it some acceptance that death was inevitable and horrible, that it sneaks up like a thief in the night, leaving madness and tragedy in its wake? Or, is it something more to do with the last lines of The Premature Burial? There are moments when, even to the sober eye of Reason, the world of our sad Humanity may assume the semblance of a Hell... Alas! The grim legion of sepulchral terrors cannot be regarded as altogether fanciful... they must sleep, or they will devour us- they must be suffered to slumber, or we perish. Perhaps death offered some answer for Poe. Perhaps escape. Perhaps only more questions- about why he still lived, why his life was so hard, why his genius was so little recognized. He died as he had lived: a tragic, pointless death. Found in the gutter, apparently the victim of an election gang who used alcoholics to vote for their candidate. Taken to a hospital, Poe died four days later and was buried in a Baltimore cemetery next to his wife. If he was not well-loved in his time (or at least not as well-appreciated as he might have been), his tales at least have taken on a life of their own. Hes recognized as the founder of the detective story (for works like The Purloined Letter, the best of his detective stories). He has influenced culture and literature; and his figure is placed beside the literary greats in history for his poetry, literary criticism, stories, and other works. His view of death may have been filled with darkness, foreboding, and disillusionment. But, his works have lasted beyond the horror to become classics.

Do you think the scarcity (or excess) of water will lead to conflict Essay

Do you think the scarcity (or excess) of water will lead to conflict - Essay Example need to be found, because water requirements are interdependent and water resources cross political boundaries (Asser), but in view of the situation, it seems that conflict is inevitable. According to Ohlsson, water scarcity is brought about by two key issues: natural resource scarcity, and the approaches used to counter the former (qtd in Molen and Hildering 134). The law of nature cannot be put off, and many resort to construction of water reservoirs to address the impending, or shall we say, an already existing adversity. Unfortunately, the disproportionate allocation, movement, and storage of water, after a while, results in extreme phenomena such as floods and droughts (Northwest River Forecast Center); thus anyone of rational thinking will be indecisive about any act of water exploitation. It is not possible for a country to constrain the flow of water within its boundary without endangering itself and the others dependent on it. Feitelson sees the potential of a co-operation scenario, of shared rights and management (qtd in Molen and Hildering 139). Water is indispensable for survival, and reckless measures will only leave both parties empty handed. Experts recommend a number of ways to address water scarcity, to include enhanced conservation and reprocessing (Asser). Moreover, the United Nations relentlessly campaign for amity; and although conflicts may ensue on account of significant differences in culture and ideals, the dire need for water will not make it last

Surrealism artistic movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surrealism artistic movement - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism artistic movement" concerns the surrealism movement. The main political factor of the movement is the political situation after the war: political instability in France and other European countries. The main economic factor of surrealism development is the postwar economic crisis in Europe and world economic crisis after 1929. This situation led to the social factor of surrealism development: people’s uncertainty in present day and in future and their aspiration to escape from reality – surrealism gave people the possibility to open unreal and ideal world. There are many representatives of surrealism, but the most significant among them are Breton, Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte. Bretom was one of the founders of the movement. He, â€Å"as the leader of the Surrealist movement, not only published its most thorough explanations of its techniques, aims and ideas, but was the individual who drew in, and expelled, writers, artists and thinkers† . In his writings (Second Surrealist Manifesto, Nadja, Mad Love, etc.) he explained his ideas and thoughts. In 1927 he joined the Communist Party. Salvador Dali was a famous Spanish painter. His father was a notary. In 1929 Dali joined the Surrealist group in Paris. He was an author of more than 1500 paintings. Rene Magritte. His career as a Surrealist began in 1926 when â€Å"Magritte produced his first surrealist painting, Le jockey perdu, and held his first exhibition in Brussels in 1927†. Then he moved to Paris and joined the surrealistic group.

China’s Most-Favored-Nation Trade Status Essay -- essays research pape

China’s Most-Favored-Nation Trade Status If the United States is going to stand by and let China break the agreement that we have set then what is the point of having rules or laws in the first place? If we can accept the fact that China is breaking our laws then we can also understand that this behavior can very well lead to a state of anarchy and lawlessness. These are all things that are breed by a lack of law, and also facilitated by a lack of proper enforcement of our current laws. This is a warning also for the future as we show China that the United States will not stand for the flagrant breaking of its laws. United States policymakers employ economic sanctions not only to equalize trade and investment disputes, but also to reach non-economic policy objectives. This has been especially true with respect to China. Currently, the United States imposes the following economic sanctions on China. Restrictions on export licenses are things that the United States may deny if it was determined that the product could make a direct and significant contribution to the development of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, electronic and submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, nuclear power projection, and air superiority. This restriction was placed on China on November 23, 1984. Another restriction placed on China dealt with the withholding of generalized system of preferences status. Section 502(b)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974 prevents the President of the United Sta...

A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market

A Project Report On A Global Overview Of A FAST RELIEF Market Submitted in Partial fulfillment for the requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administration (International Business) from SUS College of engineering and technology,Tangori, Mohali.. Under the Guidance of: Submitted to: Mr. SUNIL Mr. ANIL Mr. PANKAJ SIR Submitted By: NANCY GOYAL MBA Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to Mr. Karun Narang (MD, Eastern Medikit Ltd. ) and Mr. D.Tyagi (AGM, Eastern Medikit Ltd) who allowed me to undergo summer training in their esteemed organization. This report deserves the special mention of few names, Mr. SUNIL PALand Mr. ANIL KUMAR SINGH , who guided me all the way and helped me at each of the stage. They helped me to gain knowledge about the various aspects of their organization. They shared their professional experiences, which will be very much useful for me in the long run. I would like to give a bunch of thanks to Mr. Bhupendra Singh, Mr. Krishna Sharma, Mr. V. P. Joshi , Mr. Jagmohan Roy, Mr. Pankaj Pandey, Mr. Amit Sharma, Mr. Guru Prasad, Mr. Pradeep Dua, Mr.Kunjal Patel, Mr. Ajay Sharma, Miss Piyali Chakraborty and Mr. Ankkur who helped me to improve my research work. I can not forget to thank all those people who directly or indirectly cooperated me during my training period. NANCY GOYAL SUS C. E. T TANGORI MOHALI.. INDEX * Introduction What is Fast Relief Medikit’s fast relief Details Competitors and Their Profile * SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis * Competitive analysis * Marketing mix * Strategies * Costs * Media costs Eastern Medikit Ltd Medikit is the India’s largest medical device export company Medikit has 5 manufacturing facilities in and around Gurgaon, covering 125,000 sq. ft with 25,000 sq. ft as class 10,000 and class 1,00,000 clean rooms. Our organizational strengths are rooted within Medikit's unique flexibility to evolve and improve products and processes by deployment of globally competent manufacturing practices. Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsWith ongoing in-house development of proprietary equipment and manufacturing techniques, our research and development activities along with our exclusive design and development centre ensure that Medikit is customer-driven and stays ahead, always. FAST RELIEF Definition â€Å"Fast relief† is a pain reliever product of medikit ltd. It is a extra strong pain reliever product. The main competitors of this is MOOV and HIMANI FAST RELIEF.. The new launched product fast relief has a unique and ayurvedic composition elements.. like Oil of wintergreen 15. 0%Pudina ka phool 5% Tarpin tel 3% Nilgiri tel 2% Base (bees wax) q. s. All these ingredients provides ‘sootthing warmth’ to relieve pain instantly.. which is the requirement. Purpose The purpose of this product is basically to give relief instantly from the backache pain. It works with its special ingredients to give relief from the backache. Its main purpose is to give warmth and soothi ng feeling at the pain area and to give quick relief.It works like a miracle at the pain.. Company’s Product Details MedifinTM| |   FAST RELIEF from MEDIKIT | | | Geographic Markets:DELHI , UP, MUMBAI, VARANASI, CHENNAI, BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH, LUCKNOW.. | | Product Details | Benefits| Being in topical form it is devoid of all undesireable effects of oral route.. | So it helps to maintain the valid effects. | Soft and therapeutic. | Gives instant relief. | Starts work immediately after application. | Complies with standard and quality norms. | Attractive design and coloured packaging. | Gives satisfaction quickly.. Gives soothing warmth. | To improve the body muscles so that relive remains for more time. | No sideeffects . | An ayurvedic cure. | Topical preparation gives therapeutic effects only at the site of application that’s local relief.. | Cheap and economical. Specially for common man. | MARKETING OF THE PRODUCT.. INTRODUCTION.. MARKETING IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT ASPECT OF ANY BUSINESS AND SO WE WOULD ANALYSE VARIOUS MARKETING STRATEGIES MAINLY PEST ANALYSIS AND SWOT ANALYSIS , COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEEN DONE AND EXPLAINED IN THERE..MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING.. DELHI,UP,MUMBAI, VARANASI,BRALIEY,CHENNAI,BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH,LUCKNOW,MP,CALCUTTA. AGE- ABOVE 30 YEARS. GENDER- SPECIALLY FOR FEMALES. FAMILY SIZE- FOR BOTH BIG AND NUCLEAR FAMILIES SOCIO ECO CLASS- MIDDLE AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS. PEST ANALYSIS.. Pest analysis stands for political,economical,social,and,technological analysis of macroenviornmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. it is a part of the external analysis when onducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macroenviornmental factors that the company has to take into the consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential,and direction for operations. . POLITICAL- Govt support. , no risk for OTC brands. ECONOMIC- It is cheap and economical.. as it is available in different-different small packaging. It enhances the GDP growth and liberlisation.SOCIAL- Its is a innovative product suits the demands of the changing preferences of the society. It is suitable for the needs and aspirations of the common individual. TECHNOLOGICAL- It is made by the use of best technological machines. It has given a quality packaging with double lamination on the outer and inner area of the tube. SWOT ANALYSIS. Swot analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture..STRENGTHS- It is an ayurvedic product. It is quick and instant pain reliever than any other relief balm. Its branding is fabulous and standardized Its channels of distribution and dedicated Employees working for its successful promotion. A huge capital investment.. WEAKNESS- It is a new product in the market. It has low market share now. OPPORTUNITIES- There is a huge market demanding innovation And change.Changing tastes and preferences of consumers. THREATS- The problem of brand loyality and mindset of Consumres regarding a specific product and its Quality. Popularity of competitive brands like moov. The condition of market is also a big threat. . POSITIONING STRATEGY.. The positioning strategy is an effective and important instrument for a business venture and for the product as well. As it causes the success of the product.. â€Å"FAST RELIEF† â€Å"AN AYURVEDIC CURE FOR YOUR PAIN†The positioning strategy should be strong and effective enough to make the product strong and popular.. TARGET AUDIENCE The main target audience are middle class family and low midlle class family woman, who works in the offices as well as in homes and have no time to go to doctors for their ignorable backaches.. INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Definition â€Å"The Indian pha rmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent. † Richard GersterThe Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of India’s science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4. 5 billion, growing at about 8 to 9 percent annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine is now made indigenously.Playing a key role in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many units approved by regulatory authorities in USA and U K. International companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 years and helped to put India on the pharmaceutical map of the world. The Indian Pharmaceutical sector is highly fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the last two decades.The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country's demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units).These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical f ormulations, i. e. , medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs, i. e. , chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. Following the de-licensing of the pharmaceutical industry, industrial licensing for most of the drugs and pharmaceutical products has been done away with. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the Drug Control Authority.Technologically strong and totally self-reliant, the pharmaceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low R&D costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing balance of trade. The Pharmaceutical Industry, with its rich scientific talents and research capabilities, supported by Intellectual Property Protection regime is well set to take on the international market. ADVANTAGE IN INDIA Competent workforce: India has a pool of personnel with high managerial and technical competence as also skilled workforce. It has an educated work force and English is commonly used. Professional services are easily available. Cost-effective chemical synthesis: Its track record of development, particularly in the area of improved cost-beneficial chemical synthesis for various drug molecules is excellent. It provides a wide variety of bulk drugs and exports sophisticated bulk drugs. Legal & Financial Framework: India has a 53 year old democracy and hence has a solid legal framework and strong financial markets. There is already an established international industry and business community.Information & Technology: It has a good network of world-class educational institutions and established strengths in Information Technology. Globalization: The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. Above all, it has a 70 million middle class market, which is continuously growing. Consolidation: For the first time in many years, the international pharmaceutical industry is finding great opportun ities in India. The process of consolidation, which has become a generalized phenomenon in the world pharmaceutical industry, has started taking place in India.THE GROWTH SCENARIO India's US$ 3. 1 billion pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2002, which accounts for merely 1. 3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs will account for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%).In financial year 2001, imports were Rs 20 bn while exports were Rs87 bn. The above graph shows the percentage of pharmaceutical products export by various countries. (SOURCE Competitiveness of the Indian pharmaceutical industry in the new product patent regime a report by FICCI) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery.Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or Biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions. Drug development refers to activities undertaken after a compound is identified as a potential drug in order to establish its suitability as a medication. Objectives of drug development are to determine appropriate Formulation and Dosing, as well as to establish safety.Research in these areas generally includes a combination of in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. The amount of capital required for late stage development has mad e it a historical strength of the larger pharmaceutical companies Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations.Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are to explore the potential of new drug substances formed The cost of innovation Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries.Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs (New chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This approval come s only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD.A study by the consulting firm Bain ; Company reported that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other business expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to nearly $1. 7 billion in 2003. These estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense.Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 million, about 29% of which is spent on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less. Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants.Controversy about drug development and testing There have been increasing accusations and findings that clinical trials conducted or funded by pharmaceutical companies are much more likely to report positive results for the preferred medication. In response to public outcry about specific cases in which unfavorable data from pharmaceutical company-sponsored research was suppressed, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have published new guidelines urging companies to report all findings and limit the financial involvement in drug companies of researchers.As a result of this public outcry and Pharma response the US congress signed into law a bill which requires phase II and phase III clinical trials to be registered by the sponsor on the NIH website Drug researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that will make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for example with support for their conference/symposium costs.Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers may actually be ‘ghost-written' by pharmaceutical companies. Some researchers who have tried to reveal ethical issues with clinical trials or who tried to publish papers that show harmful effects of new drugs or cheaper alternative s have been threatened by drug companies with lawsuits. Product approval in the US In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the FDA as being both safe and effective.This process generally involves submission of an Investigational new drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. A fourth phase of post-approval surveillance is also often required due to the fact that even the largest clinical trials cannot effectively predict the prevalence of rare side-effects.Post-marketing surveillance ensures that after marketing the safety of a drug is monitored closely. In certain instances, its indication may need to be li mited to particular patient groups, and in others the substance is withdrawn from the market completely. Questions continue to be raised regarding the standard of both the initial approval process, and subsequent changes to product labeling (it may take many months for a change identified in post-approval surveillance to be reflected in product labeling) and this is an area where congress is active. The FDA provides information about approved drugs at the Orange Book site. In the UK, the British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians. Orphan drugs There are special rules for certain rare diseases (â€Å"orphan diseases†) involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances. Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited t ime (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.Industry revenues For the first time ever, in 2006, global spending on prescription drugs topped $643 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United States accounts for almost half of the global pharmaceutical market, with $289 billion in annual sales followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, South Korea and Mexico outpaced that market, growing a huge 81 percent. US profit growth was maintained even whilst other top industries saw slowed or no growth. Despite this, â€Å".. he pharmaceutical industry is — and has been for years — the most profitable of all businesses in the U. S. In the annual Fortune 500 survey, the pharmaceutical industry topped the list of the most profitable industries, with a return of 17% on revenue. † Pfizer's cholesterol pill Lipitor remains the best-selling drug in the world for the fifth year in a row. Its annual sales were $12. 9 billion, more than twice as much as its closest competitors: Plavix, the blood thinner from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis; Nexium, the heartburn pill from AstraZeneca; and Advair, the asthma inhaler from GlaxoSmithKline.IMS Health publishes an analysis of trends expected in the pharmaceutical industry in 2007, including increasing profits in most sectors despite loss of some patents, and new ‘blockbuster' drugs on the horizon. Teradata Magazine predicted that by 2007, $40 billion in U. S. sales could be lost at the top 10 pharma companies as a result of slowdown in R&D innovation and the expiry of patents on major products, with 19 blockbuster drugs losing patent. STEPS TO STRENGTHEN THE INDUSTRY Indian companies need to attain the right product-mix for sustained future growth.Core competencies will play an important role in determining the future of many Indian pharmaceutical companies in the post product-patent regime after 2005. Indian companies, in an effort to consolidate their position, will have to increasingly look at merger and acquisition options of either companies or products. This would help them to offset loss of new product options, improve their R&D efforts and improve distribution to penetrate markets. Research and development has always taken the back seat amongst Indian pharmaceutical companies.In order to stay competitive in the future, Indian companies will have to refocus and invest heavily in R&D. The Indian pharmaceutical industry also needs to take advantage of the recent advances in biotechnology and information technology. The future of the industry will be determined by how well it markets its products to several regions and distributes risks, its forward and backward integration capabilities, its R&D, its consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, co-marketing and licensing agreements. INTRODUCTION TO EASTERN MEDIKIT LTDCOMPANY PROFILE â€Å"A company empowered by one mission †“to place itself on the world map. An enterprise propelled by one force-that synergizes its energies to charter unexplored markets. Organizations fuelled by one dream-to transform competition into opportunity. † Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. was incorporated in June 1961, in the name of M/S LEPITIT EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD and it commenced its business in MARCH 1962, in technical and financial collaboration with an international company named LEPTIT SPA, MILAN, ITALY.Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. merged with â€Å"Leptit Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. † in 1962 Eastern Medikit Ltd and company also merged with this company in 1966. The collaboration arrangement with M/S LEPTIT was terminated in 1966; after which Indian nationals acquired the entire share capital of the company. Therefore the word Leptit was removed from the name of the company. The name is known as EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED. In 1973 the compan y issued shares to the general public and became a full fledged PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY.Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd has emerged as a Leading Pharmaceutical Company on the Indian firmament, with the second largest market share and enjoys an enviable reputation for its high standard of ethics and quality around its core strength of anti-infective, it has produced new brands in emerging therapeutic areas like cardiovascular, central nervous system and nutritional. supporting this expansion, the company has invested in world class manufacturing infrastructure that leverages India’s comparative cost advantage and skilled manpower, while delivering international quality.The company’s drive for Internationalism is guided by the well planned brand strategy that covers some of the world emerging markets like China, cis, Central Europe and Latin America . Its position today is in league of the Top Ten Pharmaceutical companies of three world an decent ranking as the eleventh larges t company in the international generics space is the resounding endorsement of its strategic mind. It is clear that for a long time, the dominant share of revenues of the company would continue to come from the ever expanding global generics market.Hence the intent of Eastern Medikit Ltd mission is to achieve a sustained growth rate through the continuous pursuit of innovation phase one trials for pervasion, a compound for treating prosthetic males have been completed. Phase 1 trials with clafrinast, an asthma compound is an important step towards research based value creation. This company also had success with Ciplofloxacine, an ingenious form, created through the novel drug delivery systems research.As the demand of the bulk drugs inside the country and abroad was increasingly rapidly a new, plant was set up at Toansa near Ropar in 1987. This was a higher capacity plant designed to cater to the present and future needs, initially antibiotics like Ampicillin, Trihydrate and Doxycy cline were manufactured. Later, on the other drugs like Cephalexin monohydrate and Ranitidine were also prepared. The plant at Toansa was designed to meet the stringent standards set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U. S. A.This plant has been approved by FDA and this will open up American and other newer markets for Eastern Medikit Ltd’s products At present Eastern Medikit Ltd have four plants for the manufacture of bulk drugs two at Mohali, one at Dewas (M. P) AND Another at Toansa near ROPAR. At present, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the second most Indian company engaged in the manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs and Fine Chemicals. EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD’s vast range of highly pure laboratory reagent and chemicals enjoy a place of pride in the market.IT trends, has rebuilt As a step towards leveraging information for value creation using its information backbone around an ERP application, along the focus on reengineering several business processes aroun d the internet and has putting place business solutions that challenge existing ways of doing Business. The undying spirit of the company’s human assets and their intensive competitive and entrepreneurial energy has played a great part in transforming the company into a multicultural and multiracial team.Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the largest exporter accounting for 12% of the industry exports pharmaceutical substance and dosages forms to over 50 countries with the internationals sales comprising of 45% of the total turnover. VISION: GARUDA During the year 2002, the company has evolved a 10-year vision till 2012, for sustaining significant growth consistent with its mission to be an international research based Pharmaceutical Company, under the rubric ‘Vision Garuda’, with increasing emphasis on Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research (DDR).In licensing and out licensing, relationship with other important pharmaceutical entities, expansion of manufacturing facili ties both in India and strategic overseas locations, revamping of organizational structures to cater to the wider and more dispersed span of operations, and streamlining and standardizing the business processes through out the global organization, are other areas that receive focus and attention of management on priority. Mission â€Å"To become a Research based International pharmaceutical company† Vision-2012 Achieve significant business inProprietary prescription products By 2012 With a strong presence in developed markets Aspirations-2012 Aspire to be a$5 billion company Become a Top 5 global generics player Significant income from Proprietary products BOARD OF DIRECTORS At the helm entire operations is the experience and able direction of the people who make it all happen. Eastern Medikit Ltd acknowledges their inspiring stewardship and indefatigable work. * Mr. Tejendra Khanna(Chairman) * Mr. D. S. Brar (CEO $ Managing Director) * Mr. V. K. Kaul (Whole Time Director) * Dr.Brian Tempest (Whole Time Director) * Mr. Surendera Daulet Singh * Mr. Harpal Singh * Mr J. W. Balani * Mr. N. Kampani * Mr. V. Bharat Ram * Mr. Vivek Mehra Mr. Tejendra Khanna Mr. Tejendra Khanna was elected Chairman at a meeting of the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited held at New Delhi, on July 5, 1999. Mr. Khanna, former Commerce Secretary to the Government of India, and a former Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is widely regarded as an expert in International Trade and Public Administration. Mr. D. S. BrarHe was instrumental in developing the Pharmaceutical exports business of the company in early 80’s, which later became synonymous with major growth and expansion of company’s portfolio. In addition to the International business, he looked after the Animal Healthcare & OTC businesses of the company. In 1986, he took over the Pharma business in India along with Chemical Manufacturing Operations. In early 90’s he led the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s expansion into overseas markets creating joint ventures, affiliates and subsidiaries in major countries like China, Russia, U. K. , South Africa and the USA.In 1996, he took over as the President of the company. Mr. V. K. Kaul Graduated in 1964 (B. Sc. Hons, Physics) from Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Mr. V. K Kaul joined the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India F. C. A. He is recognised in the industry for his vast experience and variegated knowledge. Dr Brian W. Tempest Dr Tempest joined Eastern Medikit Ltd as Regional Director- Europe, CIS & Africa in 1995 and subsequently took charge of Eastern Medikit Ltd’s worldwide pharmaceuticals business as President-Pharmaceuticals in the year 2000. In July 2001 he was appointed on the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd.Dr. Tempest, 54, has worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry for 28 years, bringing in a wealth of global pharmaceutical experience and expertise. He has worked with leading multi-national c ompanies across several international markets including USA, Japan, Europe, China and other countries in Africa and Asia-Pacific. His unique combination of experience with both research-based and generic companies will be an asset in driving the company's growth in times ahead. Dr. Tempest is a Bachelor of Science with Honors from Aston University, specializing in Chemistry.He followed it up with a PhD in Polymer Chemistry from Lancaster University. Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh is an Honors Graduate in Economics from Delhi University followed by a Masters Degree in Business Administration from Duke University, USA. He started his career with the American Express Bank and joined Eastern Medikit Ltd in May 1998. After holding several positions in the Company, has been appointed as â€Å"President Pharmaceuticals and Whole-time Director†, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited effective January 1, 2004OPERATING JOINT VENTURES AND SUBSIDIARIES BRAZIL:East ern Medikit Ltd S. P. Medicamentos Ltd. CHINA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Guangzhou China) Ltd. EGYPT:Eastern Medikit Ltd Egypt Ltd. GERMANY: Basics Gmb H. HONG KONG:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Hong Kong) Ltd. INDIA:Rexcel pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Solus pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Vidyut Travel Services ltd. IRELAND:Eastern Medikit Ltd Ireland Ltd. MALAYSIA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. NETHERLANDS:Eastern Medikit Ltd Pharmaceuticals B. V. NIGERIA:Eastern Medikit Ltd Nigeria Ltd. PANAMA:Eastern Medikit Ltd Panama SA.POLAND:Eastern Medikit Ltd Poland Sp. Zo. SOUTH AFRICA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (SA) (Pty. ) Ltd. THAILAND:Unichem pharmaceuticals LTD. , Unichem Distributors Ltd. Part, Eastern Medikit Ltd Unichem CO. Ltd. U. K:Eastern Medikit Ltd (UK) Ltd USA: Eastern Medikit Ltd pharmaceuticals Inc. Ohm Laboratories Inc. , Eastern Medikit Ltd Schein Pharma, LLC VIETNAM: Eastern Medikit Ltd Vietnam Company Ltd. ALLIED BUSINESSES Eastern Medikit Ltd Animal Health The Animal Health division saw an enco uraging growth despite the prevailing poor market conditions.The division grew at twice the growth rate recorded in the industry. On the basis of having a vast dome satiated animal population, the livestock, poultry business and pets business are among the fastest growing sectors in India. A vast infrastructure of veterinary colleges, agricultural institutes, technologists and researchers are helping farmers to source healthy, cost effective products. In conjunction with the present scenario, the AHC division of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has introduced several latest generation products. Eastern Medikit Ltd Fine Chemicals Limited (RFCL)The division ranked 4th in the industry and captured 11% market share. RANKEM is established as a powerful brand, RFCL's brand for its range of Reagents is now synonymous with excellence in reagents and fine chemicals in the country. The focus of business remains on developing extensive customer relations; enhancing service levels and e nriching the product mix with the help of a qualified and competent marketing and sales team Diagnostics The diagnostics division has aggressively focused on market expansion activities based on strategy of reliability, quality products and efficient service.Introduction of products in ‘Point of Care’ markets has expanded market presence and over the next 1 – 2 years this segment will see considerable expansion in line with world trends. The Dade Behring segment has increased its installation base by 60% in leading hospitals and laboratories. Plans are afoot for the introduction of more parameters for the ‘Point of Care’ market and the launch of Special Chemistries, a range of drug assays, plus an entry into automated microbiology in both the Base and Dade Behring business areas. The company has also witnessed significant milestones in the area of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS).The company has entered into strategic business arrangements with com panies such as Bayer AG, Glaxo-Wellcome, Eli-Lilly etc. for production and co-marketing operations. Many innovative developments have been taking place in recent times. The company’s research team is capable of developing one NDDS product every 12 to 18 months. Also, two new products: Roletra-D and Altiva-D, will soon be launched in India. In order to expand and promote global growth, the company opened several new markets during the year, notably in Brazil, where 25 filings were undertaken in a span of 2-3 months.The company has planned to build and protect intellectual property with the help of IPC, which addresses all matters pertaining to patents. CQA supervises the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) and ensures compliance to corporate quality assurance policy in all technological operations of the organization. The company is committed to invest 6% of the sales in R and D by 2003, of which 7% of the expenditure will be earmarked for research on New Dru g Discovery and Novel Drug Delivery Systems.There will be continuous emphasis on augmenting R and D performance and productivity with advanced scientific and technological tools. VALUES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED 1. Achieving customer satisfaction is fundamental to their business. 2. Practice dignity and equity in relationships and provide opportunities for people to realize their full potential. 3. Ensure profitable growth and enhance wealth of shareholders. 4. Foster mutually beneficial relationships with all their business partners. 5. Manage their operations with concern for safety and environment. 6.Be a responsible corporate citizen. OBJECTIVES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. To be a leader in the Pharmaceutical industry. 2. To be a profitable company with a steady growth in earnings. 3. To set an example as a socially responsible company. 4. To diversify in health care related areas. 5. To strive for excellence and continuous improvement in all sp heres. 6. To improve the quality of life of people by providing better services and quality products. Environment, Health and Safety [EHS] Caring for the Environment is a core corporate value and as a part of this commitment.The Company enunciated its EHS policy in 1993. The Company’s EHS policy provides for the creation of a safe and healthy workplace and a clean environment for employees and the community. It aims at higher international standards in plant design, equipment selection, maintenance and operations. The policy seeks to manufacture products safely and in an environmentally responsible manner. The implementation of the EHS Policy is ensured by institutionalizing a robust EHS Management system, adequately supported by well defined organizational structure.As a part of EHS processes at the corporate level, besides laying down guidelines on systems, policy and training, the corporate EHS office monitors compliance, maintains and disseminates information on laws and regulations. EHS performance review meetings are held on regular basis to monitor the progress against agreed EHS improvement plans. Close cooperation between all units and individuals is the key to maintaining high standards of environment protection and safety in all the plants.The key processes at location level comprise of regular safety surveillance, inspections & audits, Permit to work system for operational / maintenance safety, Fire prevention & protection activities, operation of the ETP/Incinerator, disposal activities related to hazardous wastes, regular monitoring of the environment internally and also through approved laboratories. Monthly reports address EHS initiatives, compliance & various records under the statutory requirement, training of employees including contract employees on EHS awareness, interaction with the residential associations/nearby community etc. celebration of National safety day, fire day, Environment day etc. for EHS awareness among employees. Th e manufacturing facilities for bulk drugs and dosage forms comply with the stringent requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and are approved by International health and regulatory Agencies like FDA – USA, MCA – UK, WHO etc. These practices and approvals ensure that an effective framework is always in place, not only for manufacture of high quality products, but also for effective use of resources and reduction of wastes as well as high safety & hygiene standards.Eastern Medikit Ltd has made significant improvements in process safety of the existing manufacturing facilities by providing extensive instrumented safety protection systems. The intended safety features are incorporated in the basic design of the new projects. Investments have been made on process improvements as well as effluent treatment plant up-gradation using the latest membrane based technology, multi-effect thermal evaporation system and state-of-the-art Incinerator. These investments have helped to reduce discharges of contaminants into the environment.With the facilities installed at Toansa for recycling of the treated effluent, the site has achieved the status of â€Å"zero discharge site†. The Company also engages with the concerned authorities and industry in devising responsible laws, regulations and standards and thus making safety, occupational health & environmental information and expertise available to its employees and the community at large. Eastern Medikit Ltd has made EHS concerns and practices a necessary factor in appraising its employee performance.The Company also accords a very high priority to hygiene monitoring at work place and health assessment of all employees at site. The plant and processes are continuously upgraded to improve hygiene and health standards. Necessary training is imparted to the employees to enhance their awareness towards health related matters. Safety knowledge of the employees is c onstantly updated through various external and in-house training programs, including special training programs by overseas experts & consultants.Moving up the value chain, the company identified Consumer Healthcare as its new business area in the year 2001. Eastern Medikit Ltd Global Consumer Healthcare (RGCH) was launched in October 2002 with a portfolio of 4 switch brands: Revital, Pepfiz, Gesdyp & Garlic Pearls. Since these brands were already popular amongst consumers and represented the leading common ailment categories like VMS (Vitamins & Minerals Supplement), this portfolio was carefully created for the introduction of RGCH to the Indian market.Subsequently in 2004, RGCH launched its first herbal range of products through New Age Herbals (NAH) with products offering remedy in categories of Cough & Cold (Olesan Oil & Cough Syrups) and Appetite Stimulant (Eat Ease). VARIOUS DIVISIONS OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. Chemical Division 2. Diagnostic Division 3. Stan c are Division 4. Curradia Division 5. International Division 6. Pharmaceutical Division 7. Technical Division 8. Corporate Division 9. Animal Health Care Division DIVISIONS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS 1. India and Middle East 2. Europe, CIS and Africa 3.Asia Pacific and Latin America 4. North America JOINT VENTURE OF THE COMPANY. 2000Eastern Medikit Ltd files IND Application for Asthma Molecule- RBx4638, after successful completion of pre-clinical studies. Eastern Medikit Ltd acquires Bayer’s Generics business (trading under the Name of Basics) in Germany. Eastern Medikit Ltd forays into Brazil, the largest pharmaceutical market in South America and achieves global sales of U. S. $ 2. 5 million in this market. 2001Eastern Medikit Ltd took a significant step forward in Vietnam by initiating the Setting up of a new manufacturing facility with an investment of U.S. $ 10 million. Eastern Medikit Ltd achieved a turnover of U. S. $ 502 million for the year 2002 and moved closer to achieving a target of 1 billion dollar by 2004. 2002Receives approval from FDA to market Midazolam Hydrochloride Syrup 2 Mg base/ ml. Eastern Medikit Ltd receives and approval from FDA to manufacture and market Cefpodoxime Proxetil for Oral Suspension, Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets Us, Terazosin Hydrochloride Capsules and Amoxcillin Oral suspension USP. Heralding the company’s entry into the Indian OTC market. 003Eastern Medikit Ltd received the economic times award for corporate excellence-for the company for year. Eastern Medikit Ltd signed an agreement toacquire RPG(aventis) SA along with its fully owned subsidiary,OPIH SARL,in france 2004 Eastern Medikit Ltd launched its first range of herbal projects. 2005 Acquisition of additional stake in Eastern Medikit Ltd Farmaceutica Ltda. , Brazil Eastern Medikit Ltd announced the acquisition of Be-Tabs Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Limited 2008Acquired by the Japanese giant, the $9. 62 billion Daiichi Sankyo, ranked No. in Ja pan BRIEF INTRO OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD PLANTS IN INDIA In the chemical division, various bulk drugs are manufactured. The chemical division had three units in Punjab. One is located at Toansa, two are located at Mohali and one unit is located at Dewas near Indore in Madhya Pradesh, where Ciprofloxacine is manufactured. In the plant of the chemical division, various drugs like Antibiotics, Anti-malarial, Antibacterial and Anti-ulcer are manufactured. One of the older plants of Eastern Medikit Ltd was closed after the accident in June 2003. he second one is still working The 1991, the Toansa plant started functioning in 1992 and the Dewas plant started functioning in 1999. Various plant heads independently manage all these plants. In each unit, separate facilities with respect to the manufacture of drugs, along with their manufacturing areas have been provided. This is required to reduce the chances of any cross contamination under the drug laws and to comply with good manufacturing p ractices. At Mohali plant, separate blocks have been provided for the preparation of each drug .The Toansa, Mohali and Dewas plants are planned in such a way that their system, facilities, manufacturing practices and standards meet the requirements of FDA. Mohali Plant also mainly in the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). The Plant is divided into two plant areas A8 and A9 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS Human Resource Department The basic function of the human resource department in the modern corporate world is knowledge management. The HR department strives to maintain cohesiveness among employees. It also ensures interdepartmental cooperation in achieving targets.The appraisal system is also taken care by this department. The HR department delves deep into the employee’s psyche to analyze the positives and negatives of each employee, so that a proper system of delegation and / or empowerment can be evolved. Finance Department The finance department takes ca re of the regular financial needs of the company it ensures proper allocation of funds and takes care of the working capital requirements. It verifies capital raised by different departments and sends them for approval to the higher authorities. Stores DepartmentThe function of this department is to provide adequate and proper storage and preservation of various items to meet the demand of various other departments by proper issues and maintaining accounts of consumption. It also keeps a track of stock accumulation and abnormal consumption. Erection and Fabrication Department As the name suggests, this department identifies new projects and helps in erecting them. This department also undertakes major modifications of equipment. ERP Department ERP department helps to integrate the entire enterprise starting from the supplier to the customer, covering financial and human resources.This will enable the enterprise to increase productivity by reducing costs. It also ensures a single sol ution to the information needs of the whole organization. Production Department As a part of their on going commitment to produce hi-tech quality drugs and pharmaceuticals that take care of the specific needs of markets around the world, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has increased the investment in the production department. It is the most important department of the company and has the following objectives: 1. Improving volume of production. 2.Reducing rejection rate. 3. Maintaining rework rate. Engineering Department This department undertakes building, construction and maintenance. Maintaining service facilities such as water, gas, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, painting and plumbing are some of the other areas dealt by this department. This department also helps in maintaining electrical equipments such as generators, transformers, telephone system and electrical installation. Purchase Department The purchase department provides material to the factory withou t which the wheels of machines cannot move.The various functions performed by this department include: Securing good vendor performance, including prompt deliveries of supplies of acceptable qualities. 1. To develop satisfactory sources of supply and maintaining good relationships with the suppliers. 2. To pay reasonably low prices. Quality Control/Quality Assurance Department The purpose of QC & QA departments is to ensure that the desired quality standard is achieved. It also ensures that the processing or fabrication of material conforms to the specific characteristics selected, to assure that the resulting product will in fact perform its intended function. PRODUCT REVIEWEastern Medikit Ltd’s therapeutic width covers five of the top six categories including Anti-infective, Gastrointestinal, Nutritionals, Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System, Respiratory, Dermatological and others. While anti-infective contribute 56% of the total sales, Eastern Medikit Ltd’s other brands like Simvotin and Storvas in the cardiovascular segment, Serlift in CNS and Revital and Riconia in Nutritionals, are on their way to success in multiple markets. During Jan – Dec 2000, amongst the top products of Eastern Medikit Ltd, Sporidex (Cephalexin) was the Number 1 brand, closely followed by Cifran (Ciprofloxacin).Anti – Infectives Anti- infective has been the main driver of Eastern Medikit Ltd’s sales. The important brands in this category are Cifran (Ciprofloxacin), Sporidex (Ciphalexin), Enhancin (Amoxyclav), Crixan (Clarithromycin), Vercef (Cefaclor), Oframax (Ceftriaxone), Cepodem (Cefpodoxime Proxetil), Zanocin (Ofloxacin), Ceroxim (Cefuroxime Axetil), and Loxof (Levofloxacin). Cifran (Ciprofloxacin) is the key brand in the anti- infective portfolio, with estimated sales of US $ 32 Mn, currently being marketed in 15 countries. Development of Ciprofloxacin once a day has been an important landmark achieved by Eastern Medikit Ltd.The product h as been licensed to Bayer. Cifran continues to be a dominant player in the quinolones market in India, China and Russia. Sporidex is another leading brand in Eastern Medikit Ltd’s product portfolio with worldwide annual sales of US $ 35 Mn. It is available in eight different dosage forms including capsules, dry powder for suspension, redimix, dispersible tablets, paediatric drops, soft gelatin capsules, sachet and advanced formulation for twice-daily administration. It is currently marketed in 15 countries. In India, Sporidex is the leading brand with a market share of 36% of the Cephalexin segment.Keflor is available in seven different dosage forms and is the third-largest selling brand for Eastern Medikit Ltd worldwide. The dosage forms list includes capsules, dry syrup, modified release tablets, dispersible tablets, drops and redimix. Enhancin is expected to be the leading product in Eastern Medikit Ltd’s product portfolio with estimated sales of US $ 45 Mn by the y ear 2005. The product will be rolled out to about 20 important markets during this period. Zanocin, with approximate sales of US $ 10 Mn, is the seventh-largest contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltd’s total sales.Cepodem is currently available in three different countries outside India, and will be rolled out to 13 different countries in the near future. Cardiovasculars Cardiovascular is projected to be the second-best category for Eastern Medikit Ltd. Statins have been the key drivers for this segment. The sale of Simvastatin has grown substantially in the past few years, a trend that is likely to continue in the future. In India, Simvotin (Simvastatin) is the market leader in the cholesterol reducer segment. Another leading brand in this category is Storvas (Atorvastatin).Storvas has been one of the fastest-ever to enter the top-300 brands list of the Indian pharma industry. Other global cardiovascular brands are Covance (Losartan) and Caslot (Carvedilol). Central Nervous Syst em The Central Nervous Segment is one of the important focus areas identified by Eastern Medikit Ltd, with Serlift being the key brand. In India, Serlift is number 1 amongst Sertraline brands. New product introductions will be drivers of growth in this category. Gastrointestinal Currently, gastrointestinal drugs are the second-largest category for Eastern Medikit Ltd.The key brands in this category include Histac and Romesac. The current annual sales of Ranitidine are estimated to be around US $ 16 Mn and the product is marketed in more than 20 countries. Rheumatologicals The first generation Cox-2 inhibitors principally drive worldwide growth in rheumatology. This category is estimated to grow exponentially for Eastern Medikit Ltd, with brands like Celecoxib. This year, Rofibax (Rofecoxib) introduced in India, has established itself as a leader in the Cox-2 inhibitor category and has overtaken all Celecoxib brands. It has been identified as a key Global brand for the future.Nutrito nals Nutritionals have been a major contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltd’s sales. Two of the important products in this category are Revital and Riconia. With annual sales estimated at about US $ 10 Mn, Revital contributes a significant share of total sales. It is a leading brand in India and has done exceedingly well in some parts of the world as an OTC product. Dermatologicals The dermatology category is mainly driven by India region and is likely to show a good growth pattern in the future. Some of the key brands doing well in this segment are Mobizox, Silverex, Moisturex, etc.INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY AND ANALYSIS This is a Report on the ‘Capital Structure and Capital Expenditure of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. ’. The purpose and scope of the project can be listed as: * Understanding the organizational structure and functioning of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. * Analysing and comparing the financial health of the firms in the Ind ian Pharma Industry. * Identifying and analysing the capital structure of Eastern Medikit Ltd. * Conducting a Review of the Capital Expenditure done at Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. Identifying loopholes in the functioning and in the area of study and recommending the suggestions for the same. Following are the limitations of the study: * Balance sheets of only 3 years have been studied but the company is in operation for so many years. * Only specific tools (i. e. ratio analysis) have been used for data analysis, while so many other tools are also there. * Organizational rules & regulations. * Availability of data. Financial figures for 2008 of Eastern Medikit Ltd were not available. * Limitations of the financial tools used. MethodologyThe methodology adopted for the study was as follows: * Familiarization, examination and evaluation of the procedures relating to capital structure and capital expenditure. * Collection of relevant data form company records and cross checkin g of this data. * Calculations of financial ratios, parameter and norms, as also their financial implications. Broadly the data were collected for the report on the project work has been through the primary and secondary sources. The primary data is collected by various approaches so as to give a precise, accurate, realistic and relevant data.The main goal in the mind while gathering primary data was investigation and observation. The ends were thus achieved by a direct approach and personal observation from the officials of the company. The other staff members and the employees were interviewed for the sake of maintaining reasonable standard of accuracy. The secondary data as it has always been important for the completion of any report provides a reliable, suitable equate and specific knowledge. The annual reports, the fixed asset register and the Capex register provided the knowledge and information regarding the relevant subjects.The valuable cooperation and continued support ex tended by all associated personnels, head of the department, division and staff members contributed a lot to fulfil the requirement in the collection of data in order to present a complete report on the project work. Capital Structure: Theory and Analysis Capital Structure Financing decisions involve raising funds for the firm. It is concerned with formulation and designing of capital structure or leverage. The most crucial decision of any company is involved in the formulation of its appropriate capital structure.The best design or structure of the capital of a company helps the management to achieve its ultimate objectives of minimising overall cost of capital, maximising profitability and also maximising the value of the firm. The capital structure decision of a firm is concerned with the determination of debt equity composition. Capital structure ordinarily implies the proportion of debt and equity in the total capital of a company. The term capital may be defined as the long â €“ term funds of the firm. Capital is the aggregation of the items appearing on the left hand side of the balance sheet minus current liabilities.In other words capital may be expressed as follows: Capital = Total Assets – Current Liabilities. Further, capital of a company may broadly be categorised into equity and debt. The total capital structure of a firm is represented in the following figure: Established companies generally have track record of their profit earning capacity, which helps them to create their creditworthiness. The lenders feel safe to invest their funds in such companies. Thus, there is ample scope for this type of companies to collect debt. But a company cannot freely i. e. without having any limit.The company must have to chalk out a plan to collect a debt in such a way that the acceptance of debt becomes beneficial for the company in terms of increase in EPS, profitability and value of the firm. If the cost of capital is greater than the return, it will have an adverse effect on company’s profitability, value of the firm and its EPS. Similarly, if company is unable to repay the debt within the scheduled period it will affect the goodwill of the company in the credit market and consequently may create problems in future for collecting further debt.Other factors remaining constant, the company should select its appropriate capital structure with due consideration. Capital structure involves a choice between risk and expected return. The optimal capital structure strikes the balance between these risks and returns and thus examines the price of the stock. Significant variations with regard to capital structure can easily be noticed among industries and firms within the same industry. So it is difficult to generate the model capital structure for all business undertakings.The following is an attempt to consolidate the literature on various methods to suggested by researchers in arriving at optimal capital structure. Notatio ns used: * V = value of firm * FCF = free cash flow * WACC = weighted average cost of capital * rs and rd are costs of stock and debt * re and wd are percentages of the firm that are financed with stock and debt. Operating and Financial Leverages The term leverage refers to the ability of a firm in employing long – term funds having a fixed cost, to enhance returns to the owners. In other words everage is the employment of fixed assets or funds for which a firm has to meet fixed costs or fixed rate of interest obligation irrespective of the level of activities attained or the level of operating profit earned. Higher the leverage, higher the profits and vice – versa. But a higher leverage obviously implies higher outside borrowings and hence riskier if the business activity of the firm suddenly takes a dip. But a low leverage does not necessarily indicate prudent financial management, as the firm might be incurring an opportunity cost for not having borrowed funds at a fixed cost to earn higher profits.Operating Leverage Operating leverage is concerned with the operation of any firm. The cost structure of any firm gives rise to operating leverage because of the existence of fixed nature of costs. This leverage relates to the sales and profit variations. Operating Leverage =| Contribution| | EBIT| Contribution = Sales – Variable Costs EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes. Disadvantages of Operating Leverages * The reliability of operating ratios rests to a large extent on the correctness of the fixed costs identified with a product. Faulty apportionment would distort the usefulness of the ratio. The published accounts does not give details of the fixed cost incurred and the contribution from each product and for an outsider it is difficult to calculate the firm’s operating leverage. Firm’s cost structure and nature of the firm’s business affects operating leverage. A degree change in sales volume results in more tha n proportionate change (+/-) in operating (or loss) can be observed by use of operating leverage. Financial Leverage This ratio indicates the effects on earnings by rise of fixed cost funds. It refers to use the use of debt in the capital structure.Financial leverage arises when a firm deploys debt funds with fixed charge. The ratio is calculated with the following: * Earnings before interest and tax / Earnings after interest – The higher the ratio, the lower the cushion for paying interest on borrowings. A low ratio indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowings. A high ratio is risky and constitutes a strain on profits. This ratio is considered along with the operating ratio, gives a fairly and accurate idea about the firm’s earnings, its fixed costs and the interest expenses on long term borrowings. Earnings per Share – Higher financial leverage leads to higher EBIT resulting in higher EPS, if other things remain constant. Financial levera ge affects the variability and expected level of EPS. The more debt the firm employs the higher its financial leverage. Financial leverage generally raises expected EPS, but it also increases the riskiness of securities as the debt / asset ratio rises. Financial Leverage =| EBIT| | EBT| EBIT – Ea